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A
Practical Guide to Education Chapter 7
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HOW
TO MAKE A LESSON PLAN & ASSESS LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Teaching
in schools happens in the form of lessons. Lessons are based on goals
of the class and objectives that the learners are expected to meet by
the end of a lesson. Once the teacher sets the goals and objectives, s/he
must devise a lesson plan for teaching those objectives. This chapter
provides guidelines for developing lesson plans and includes sample lesson
plans for each subject area.
Goals
are usually broad concepts, such as "students should know the geography
of their country." Objectives are more specific. They reflect the new
pieces of information or skills that you are actually teaching. There
may be several objectives and lessons under a single goal. For example,
an objective for the above goal might state: "At the end of this lesson
the students should be able to name all of the major cities in their country."
Teachers can use objectives to organize their classes and lessons, and
to determine whether a student has actually learned information. Students
can be tested on their knowledge of objectives.
A
lesson plan is a guide for the teacher. It is a teaching schedule that
is organized according to objectives. It is important that your objectives
are very clear, so it will be easier for you to check that the students
have learned what you intended them to learn. Thoroughly planned lessons
will help to ensure continuity and progress in learning. The teacher should
start every lesson with a very short period of questioning the students
in order to find out what they know about a new subject or how much they
remember from a previous lesson. Remember to check by asking questions
to individuals, without allowing one student's answer to stand for the
whole class. After a few minutes of questioning, the teacher should start
the teaching portion of the lesson, by telling students new information
or showing them how to do a new skill.
7.1
Making a lesson plan Every lesson should be planned before
the teacher begins teaching. It is always a good idea to write down the
plan before going into the class. There are several basic parts to a lesson
plan, although there can be many ways of writing it out. The table below
presents the basic parts of lesson planning and provides practical suggestions
for developing a comprehensive lesson plan.
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PARTS
OF LESSON PLAN
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SOME
SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANNING |
Objectives
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Content
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Time
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Teaching
method and/or activity
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Teaching
materials
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Evaluation
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Comments
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State
the objectives clearly at the beginning of the plan
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What
do the students know already?What am I going to teach them? |
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How
long is the lesson? How long will each activity be?How do I
start the lesson? How do I finish the lesson? |
Note
on timing: The teacher must start and stop the lesson clearly.
The teacher should not simply wait for the students to be attentive,
rather s/he should command the attention of the students in
order to maximize time. Remember to include preparation time
(for example, when giving a test, a few minutes before and after
are necessary for distributing and collecting the tests) in
the plan. |
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What
kind of teaching methods/activities will I use?What will the
students do?How you will get the students to participate? |
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What
is already available (for example, blackboard)?What is needed
(for example, string, sand, sticks, leaves)? |
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How
will I check what has been learned and what is still to be learned? |
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There
should be space after the lesson plan for the teacher to record
successes and difficulties with the lesson. |
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7.2
Assessment: What it is, Why it is done, How it is done
What
is assessment? Teaching is a process of change. Measuring the
amount of change is called "assessment," and it is an essential part of
teaching and learning process. Assessment seeks to evaluate both the newly
acquired knowledge of the learner, and also the effectiveness of the teaching.
Assessment is critical to how students view their educational experience
and achievement; to schools as guides for improvement; and to nation because
they measure educational accomplishment. Continuous assessment is the
most popular and effective policy used around the world today.
Continuous assessment means that the students' work is done and marked
throughout the term and the marks are carefully recorded. These marks
are then accumulated and averaged to account for a percentage or total
of the final grade. Assessment instruments vary; the most often used include
the following:
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- Test
(written or oral):
instrument created by the teacher to observe or classify students. Tests
usually measure: (1) the amount the student knows; (2) the quality of
the student's knowledge; (3) if the student has learned what was taught;
and/or (4) whether the student knows enough to justify promotion to
the next level.
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Diagnostic test: given to find out what the student knows before
any teaching takes place. · Examination: Usually this is a serious type
of test which is used to select or certify.
- Other
assessment techniques: formal and informal observation of students,
group projects, student homework, creative writing, project presentations,
performances, etc.
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Assessment
of students should be open to the student and the student's parents or
guardians. Often the marks are kept confidential to other students and
persons, however. The teacher may devise his or her own system of testing,
and a regular program is recommended (i.e., once a week or once every
three weeks, etc.). However, a teacher should be careful not to spend
all the time testing!
Why
do we assess?
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- To
measure the progress of the learners You
always hope that everything you have taught will have been learned.
However, only a proportion has been learned, and not every member of
the class has learned the same things. Your test results will show you
what has or has not been learned, and which individuals have learned
what.
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To find out how deeply the learners know the material
In some cases, just being able to repeat information (i.e., writing
capital letters) is sufficient. However, in other cases, you want to
know that the learners can apply the knowledge (i.e., using capital
letters properly in an essay).
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To find out how many and which students learned the material
This will allow you to identify who needs extra help, and exactly what
kind of help is needed. · To motivate the students Tests can force students
to be serious, or students can regard them as a pleasant exercise. Either
way, the students should desire to perform well.
- To
show the teacher what to teach next Tests
show the teacher what the students already know, and therefore they
can amend their schedule to teach a certain part again, or to move on
to the next segment.
- To
evaluate the effectiveness of the teacher Tests should show the
teacher where he or she has not been clear or where he or she was particularly
successful.
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How
to test? |
Instructions
First, instructions should be very clear to the student, and should be
placed at the very start of the test. For example:
Please
fill in each answer blank. You will not lose marks for misspelled words.
r You will lose marks for mistakes in grammar, spelling, or punctuation,
or if the marker cannot read your answer.
There
are several types of tests and assessment tools. A few will be explained
here.
Objective
questions. An objective question is one to which three is only one
answer. Following are four possible formats for objective questions:
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Fill
in the blank: Delhi is the capital of ________. |
Write
the answer in the space provided: Which country is Delhi the capital of?
________ |
Put
in the correct form of the verb: Yesterday I (go) home at 19 hours. |
Circle
the correct answer: [It's/its/it's/Its] a long way to Cape Town.
Multiple-choice
questions. This is a common type of objective test, and can be used
to test most types of knowledge (except essay writing). For example:
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Delhi
is the capital of ... a) India b) Spain c) India d) Spain or |
Delhi
is the capital of ... a) India b) Spain c) Malawi d) China
Try
to vary the placement of the correct answer, For example, try to avoid
having the correct answer always be choice a) or choice d).
Subjective
questions. A subjective question requires that the marker use his
or her own judgment as to the correctness of the answer. Essays, summaries,
and explanations are all subjective tests. In theory, subjective tests
should be as reliable as objective tests, however, we recognize that many
different teacher could mark the same essay answer differently. Therefore,
it is important to "objectify" the marking as much as possible. One way
to do this is to divide the question up into sections and allocate marks
to each section. It is a good idea to tell the student how marks are being
allocated. For example:
Describe your best friend (20 marks, total). Say how you met (3), what
you like about each other (5), what you do together (5), and mention anything
else which is interesting (7).
PRACTICAL
SUGGESTIONS Essays can be exhausting and time-consuming to
mark. A teacher may want to create a system in which, although all students
would write an essay each week, the teacher read the whole essay on a
rotating basis. The students know that the teacher is going to read his
or her entire essay some weeks, but the students will not know when exactly
the teacher will read his or her essay. This allows for maximum student
writing, without the teacher overworking.
After the test! It is best to return to the student a fully-marked
paper. However, if that is not possible, the student should be given back
the test with a final mark. When returning papers, you should go over
them, explaining why the correct answers are correct, and noting commonly
made mistakes. It is also good to praise student with correct answers,
being careful to praise as many students as possible, even those who are
weaker.
How
to mark tests All assessment should be evaluated and given a mark.
Tests can be marked and tabulated in several ways.
Numbers.
The most clear way of marking is to give the questions number values,
and students can acquire points by answering questions correctly. At the
end of the year (or set of lessons) the students with the most points
have done very well, and the students with the fewest points may need
to repeat lessons or may need extra help. An example of how to mark essay
tests follows:
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Essay
1 |
Points
possible |
Points
given |
Introduction
contains the main idea |
5 |
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Contains at least 5 pieces of information |
5 |
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Well-organized
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3 |
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Spelling
and punctuation (no more than 5 errors) |
3 |
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Contains
concluding statement |
3 |
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Legible handwriting |
1 |
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In
this manner, the teacher has set up a point system, where the students'
goal is to get all 20 points.
Symbols.
Another way to assess is to give one of three different symbols, such
as a happy face (for excellent/good work), a passive face (for fair work),
and a sad face (for poor/unacceptable work).
Letters. Letter grades are also effective, particularly in essay
writing, group work, or general classroom management. Here are two examples
given of how a teacher might give letter grades for general school activities,
suing an A - NC scale where:
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A
= excellent, the highest mark |
B
= good, better than most other students |
C
= fair, acceptable, but needs improvement |
D
= poor, just enough to remain in the class |
NC
= not acceptable, the work must be repeated
Attendance,
lateness (each teacher should decide on appropriate number of absences)
Student misses school...
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A |
None
to 3 |
B |
4-10 |
C |
11-20 |
D |
21-30 |
NC |
NC
more than 30 |
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Working
with others Student is a leader, supports others, or helps others...
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A |
Almost all of the time |
B |
Most
of the time |
C |
Sometimes
yes, sometimes no |
D |
Needs
improvement |
NC |
Not
acceptable |
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Grade
1 LANGUAGE:
Mystery pictures |
Purpose
Many children have difficulty accurately giving or following verbal instructions.
The purpose of this lesson is to encourage students to focus on the importance
of clear, oral communication.
Objectives
1. Students will distinguish between words/phrases that help clarify communication
and those that impede it. 2. Students will practice giving clear oral
directions and will see the results produced by students who follow their
instructions. Activities
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1.
Give 1 pencil and 2 blank papers to each child. Read the instructions below,
aloud, pausing after each one. Ask students to draw the "secret picture"
on their paper, following the instructions as carefully as possible. THEY
MAY NOT ASK ANY QUESTIONS. NO TEACHER HAND GESTURES ARE ALLOWED. KIDS MUST
SIMPLY DRAW THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE INSTRUCTIONS. |
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Draw a short line.
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Draw another line touching the first line you drew.
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Put your pencil at the other end of the second line and draw half a
circle.
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2.
After children are finished, post pictures on one half of the chalkboard.
Discuss the differences among the drawings on display. Ask, "What questions
did you want to ask, as we were doing this activity?" (e.g. How long should
the line be? Should the line be horizontal, vertical or diagonal? Should
the lines be straight?) DO NOT SHOW THE "REAL" PICTURE OR GIVE ANY HINTS.
3.
Ask, "What words or phrases could I have used to help you draw the picture
more accurately?" Write suggestions on board. (E.g. straight, 1" long,
horizontal, right end, middle, etc.) DO NOT SHOW THE "REAL" PICTURE OR
GIVE ANY HINTS ABOUT IT.
4.
Thank students for their help in clarifying your language. Ask them to
try again. Promise them that you will use clearer language during the
classtime.
5.
Have students follow your instructions again. Modify your instructions
to make them clearer to the students.
6.
Have students display their second pictures on the other half of the board.
Show them your picture of the number 5. (Most pictures should be similar.)
Discuss why the second set of pictures are more alike than the first.
(It's easier to get your message across if you use clear, specific, language.)
7.
Pass out 4?5 more sheets of paper, per child. Have children take turns
picking a "Mystery Picture" from the stack. Being careful not to show
the picture to the class, the child should give verbal directions for
drawing the picture. The student reading instructions MAY NOT say letter
names or geometric shapes. Class follows directions, without asking questions.
8.
Place pictures on board and compare with "real" picture.
Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
Chalkboard, chalk, Blank paper, pencils, "Mystery Picture" Cards ( 5?10
cards with a simple geometric design or a capital letter drawn on each
card so the drawings can't be seen from the other side).
From:
gopher://ericir.syr.edu:70/00/Lesson/Subject/LanguageArts/ceclang.46
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Grade
2 MATHEMATICS: Relations and graphs |
Objective
By the end of the lesson, children should understand the concepts of greater
than, less than and equal to. As well, they will practice making and using
a graph to measure quantities.
Teaching
method and activities
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1.
Divide the class into small groups of four or five students each. Have
the students draw lines on a large sheet of paper to form a grid. Each
square of the grid should be large enough to contain a letter or a character
and there should be at least 15 squares across and 15 squares down. Each
student can draw their own grid, but only one per group is needed for
this exercise. Perhaps the others could be saved and used for another
lesson.
2. Each group member should print his or her own name as well as the name
of a friend on the paper, with one letter in each box. There should be
a total of 8 to ten names on the single piece of grid paper.
3.
Have the students refer to the names on the grid paper to answer these
questions:
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- Who
has the longest name?
- Who
has the shortest name?
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Can you find someone with a name the same length as yours?
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Can you find someone whose name has one more (or one less) letter than
your name?
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4.
On the board, organize the names into some type of graph. Plot the names
on the graph by length. Ask students questions such as: |
- Which
name length is most popular?
- [fill
in name] was not here today. Where should his/her name go on our graph?
- Can
you think of anyone with a shorter name than [fill in name]?
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Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
Paper, pencils, straightedge (ruler or edge of a book)
From:
Mack, Nancy. Bosnia Project: Elementary Mathematics Module: Patterns,
Relationships, & Number Sense. University of Pittsburgh.
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Grade
2 SOCIAL
STUDIES: Storytelling |
Objective
By the end of the lesson, children should understand that stories
have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Sometimes they can have a moral,
or a lesson, or a conflict. Students should be encouraged to identify
parts of the story and teachers might suggest a creative exercise where
the children make up their own ending to a story. Students should practice
listening skills, by discussing the story or even trying to retell the
story after it is read to them.
Teaching
method and activities Teacher tells a story and children listen. Group
discussion, analysis of elements of the story (plot, characters, beginning,
ending, conflict, etc.).
1.
The teacher reads a story to the children, for example, The Wise Men and
the Elephant. Once upon a time, there were five wise men who lived together
in a small town. The five wise men were blind. One day, an elephant came
to the town. The five men wanted to see the elephant, but how could they?
"I know," said the first man. "We will feel him!" "Good idea," said the
others. "Then we'll know what an elephant is like." So the five men went
to see the elephant. The first one touched the elephant's big, flat ear.
He felt it move slowly back and forth. "The elephant is like a fan," the
first man cried. The second man felt the elephant's legs. "He's like a
tree," he cried. "You're both wrong," said the third man, who was feeling
the elephant's tail. "The elephant is like a rope." Just then the fourth
man pricked his hand on the elephant's sharp tusk. "The elephant is like
a spear," he cried. The fifth man was holding the elephant's trunk. "You
are all wrong," he said. "The elephant is like a snake." "No, no, like
a rope." "Snake!" "Spear!" "You're wrong!" "I'm right!" The five blind
men shouted at each other for a whole hour. And they never found out what
an elephant was like.
2.
The teacher then begins a discussion by asking the children to remember
how many wise men there were, how many characters there were (including
the elephant), and make sure the children know what the different words
mean (elephant, spear, etc.). A vocabulary lesson could also be given
before the story is told, so the children will know all the words beforehand.
3.
The teacher can then guide a more thoughtful discussion, by asking, "What
was the problem?" The students should answer that each man could see in
his mind only what his hands could feel. Therefore, each man believed
he had the truth, and no one wanted to listen to what the others had to
say. "Were the wise men really wise?"
4.
For more advanced students, the teacher can present a challenge by asking,
"How could the wise men have discovered what an elephant really looks
like?" In either oral or written form, have them reconstruct the ending.
Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
You need only a story for this lesson. It does not need to be written
down. However, you may want to write on the board some of the children's
ideas, list the characters, etc.
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Grade
1
NUTRITION: Clean water, dirty water |
Goals
and objectives The purpose of the lesson is help children recognize
clean water and dirty water and know how to get clean water.
Teaching
method and activities
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DISCUSSION |
1.
Spend some time discussing water with the class:Where does water come
from? What do we use it for?What will happen if we have no water at all?
2.
Then lead the class into the next stage
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:Is
water the same wherever we find it? Can water do us harm? Where would
we find the best water? What water should we avoid?Can we always see what
water is good/bad?
3.
Present the following facts to the class:
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Water can have bacteria, worms, and other living organisms in it which
are too small to see.
- We
can get diseases by drinking water which has been affected by animals.
- Children
can be very badly affected by dirty water (diarrhea, worms, etc.)
- Boiling
water reduces most of the danger.
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Importance of collecting water from clean sources.
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4.
Ask children to think/discuss the following question:If everyone knows
that water should be boiled, why don't they do it?
5.
Children may give you the following questions:People don't believe they
will get diseases from the water. I cannot tell my mother to boil the
water. I know we cannot get/afford enough firewood to boil water. Etc.
ROLE-PLAY
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6.
Break the class into groups. Each group will prepare a small role-play
to act out the situation discussed in Question #5. Ask the children to
suggests HOW to convince their mother, community members to change their
behavior.
Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
No specific materials needed.
From:
The Spark handbook: A guide for teacher in Zambia's community schools.
Zambia: UNICEF.
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Grade
1 HUMAN
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: The Touch-n-Feel Box |
Goals
and objectives This lesson is used as an introduction to study of living
and non?living things through the use of tactile perception or the sense
of touch. The object of the lesson is for students to identify one or more
living and non-living things through the use of tactile perception, better
known as the sense of touch.
Teaching
method and activities Have students put their hand in the box and
attempt to describe to the other students what it is that he or she is
feeling. This is a great place for the use of adjectives and to tie it
to your language component. Also a great place to use words like fuzzy,
smooth, jagged, etc.
You
might also ask your older students to go out into the school yard and
find a leaf or a rock or a seed that matches what he or she felt and bring
it in to compare to the one in the box. This leads to classifying and
more use of words like rough, hairy, smooth, etc.
An
extension of this lesson would be for the students to each make their
own touch n feel box. Encourage them to come up with difficult things
to identify. Have students make a list of describing words used to identify
the object in the box.
Caution
must be used as to the objects used in the box. Nothing that could be
dangerous to fellow students is to be used. This is a great place to introduce
awareness for the environment. Also never allow any student to put a live
animal in a box.
TYING
IT ALL TOGETHER: This is a very good experience for the second grader
who has not done very much classification but can also be used with fourth
and fifth graders with a little bit of ingenuity and a variety of sets
of objects suitable for the different grade levels.
Time 30-40 minutes
Materials
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1
set of different textured rocks. |
1
set of various fruits or vegetables. |
1
set of nuts such as pine cones, acorns, pine nuts, etc. |
1
set of leaves found in the school yard. |
1
set of seeds found on the pant legs of the students. |
The
list could go on and on by using your imagination and available materials.
From:
gopher://ericir.syr.edu:70/00/Lesson/Subject/Science/cecsci.153
|
Grade
2 PHYSICAL TRAINING: Snake in the Grass |
Goals
and objectives The major objective of the lesson is to help students
develop basic mobility and quickness.
Teaching
method and activities Game is played on the half court of a basketball
court. They serve as boundary lines. One person lays down on the free
throw line. They are the snake. The rest of the class gets inside the
circle with the snake and must touch the snake with one finger. When you
yell SNAKE IN THE GRASS, they all jump back away from the snake and run
around. The snakes must stay on their stomach as they crawl around. They
are trying to tag the runners. If a runner gets tagged or steps out of
bounds, they must get down a become a snake, also. The game continues
until there is only one runner left. If a runner tries to jump over a
snake and steps on them they, also, become a snake. This game gets real
crazy as there becomes more and more snakes. Runners really have to be
quick at the end of the game not to get tagged.
Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
No specific materials needed.
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Grade
3 SAFETY
AND FIRST AID: Safety rules in emergencies |
Goals
and objectives The objectives of this lesson are:
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- to
identify different types of emergencies;
- to
set different safety rules for emergency situations.
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Teaching
method and activities |
1.Encourage
children to name or describe as many different kinds of emergencies as
they can (such as a flood, an earthquake, a tornado, a hurricane, or an
explosion, etc.) Record their ideas on the chalkboard or a large piece
of newsprint.
2.Pick
one of the suggestions, for example, explosion. Write its description
at the center of a circle. Then ask children to picture themselves coming
to school on a day like that. Write children's responses outside the circle
(or draw them), then connect them to the circle with straight lines.
3.Divide
the class into several teams, each of which is responsible for thinking
of common?sense rules for one type of emergencies. Be sure children understand
that their common?sense rules should include safety rules.
4. Have teams brainstorm for a set period of time. Then, on poster card
or chalkboard, record (or have a student?volunteer record) the common?sense
rules for each type of emergency.
5.
Encourage team members to make drawings of safety rules for their posters.
Or they might draw themselves in an emergency situation. Add the drawings
to the poster.
TEACHING
OPTIONS Involve family members in developing safety rules for different
kinds of emergencies. Divide a paper into quarters and list each set of
rules under a descriptive title. Leave space for parents or other family
members to add their suggestions if possible.
Refer
to the posters as each kind of emergency occurs. Encourage children to
re?evaluate the rules and amend them if necessary.
Should
children become alarmed after hearing predictions of emergencies (such
as blizzards, hurricanes, earthquakes, landmines, etc.), remind them of
their safety rules and stress that there are ways of protecting ourselves
in some kinds of emergencies.
Time
30-40 minutes
Materials
Chalkboard and chalk
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Grade 3 SCIENCE:
Discovering the Earth's Journey Around the Sun |
Purpose The revolution of the earth around the sun is a phenomenon
that is hard for students to deal with concretely. The following lesson
will help students to more fully understand our planet's relationship
to the sun.
Students will observe the following about shadows:
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1. The length of a shadow changes
from day to day, week to week. |
2. The angle of the suns rays to the earth changes from day to day, week
to week.
Teaching method and activities On the school grounds find a shadow
cast by a fence post, tree, or any other object. Have students observe
the length and position of the shadow. Students may then make predictions
about any changes that occur in the length and direction of the shadow
throughout the day.
Allow students to observe the shadow throughout the day. Students should
then make predictions about the shadow's length and angle of the ray to
the earth if it is measured at the same time every day. Students should
then measure the shadow each day and graph the results. (12:00noon is
an ideal time)
At the end of each week find the average length of the shadow and angle
of the suns rays to the earth. Students will see a change in the shadow's
length and the angle of the sun's rays.
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER: Students should conclude from their data
that the position of the earth to the sun changes with the seasons. Hence
in spring the shadow will show that the angle between the rays and earth
has grown bigger and the sun is more directly overhead thus producing
warmer temperatures.
Time 30-40 minutes
Materials No special materials needed.
From: gopher://ericir.syr.edu:70/00/Lesson/Subject/Science/cecsci.154
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